An x-ray scattering approach to determine the two-dimensional (2D) pair distribution function (PDF) in partially ordered 2D systems is proposed. We derive relations between the structure factor and PDF that enable quantitative studies of positional and bond-orientational (BO) order in real space. We apply this approach in the x-ray study of a liquid crystal (LC) film undergoing the smectic-$A$-hexatic-$B$ phase transition, to analyze the interplay between the positional and BO order during the temperature evolution of the LC film. We analyze the positional correlation length in different directions in real space.